How does each sculpture convey the idea of love which one do you Essay

How does each sculpture convey the idea of love which one do you believe conveys this idea more effectively Why - Essay Example Indiana’s sculpture is placed in the open space, whereas Rodin’s sculpture is displayed in the Musà ©e Rodin, which means Rodin Museum. The Kiss is one of Rodin’s greatest works. The sculptor is famed for other great works with the most popular being the Thinker. One of the key aspects of Rodin’s work is his focus on human behavior. For instance, the thinker represents an individual who is thinking deeply, whereas the Kiss represents a couple that is kissing. Rodin’s work, The Kiss, portrays one form of love, which is romance or spousal love (Elsen 78). However, it ignores all other forms of love, such as friendship, parental love and godly or spiritual love. The Kiss, however, is a sculpture that directly hints love to the audience. In fact, when people view the sculpture, they are more likely to think in the terms of love as opposed to that of sex. As such, the sculpture also represents love articulately. On the contrary, Indiana’s sculpture, Love, is rather different. For most people, the sculpture is just a collection of letters that form the word Love. As such, its representation of love can only be viewed in terms of its spelling. Regardless, the sculpture addresses a general form of love, which are placed on a street, in New York City. Arguably, the chanting of the letter O is used as a strategy to account for the negative space that would be left had the sculptor placed it in the original space. Although the sculpture is a representative of a general love, it lacks the physical representation. The Kiss represents a form of love, or just a basic concept of love, as previously described. However, the sculpture is so well shaped, almost perfect in texture, depicting genuine in love. Regardless, the sculpture hints love at the sight of it. Limiting the concept of love to a mere marital standing point is one of the major flaws made by the author. On the contrary, Indiana’s vague representation of love conveys the idea of love better. Its

Capital punishment Essay Example for Free

Capital punishment Essay In every society there are laws that define what acts are considered crime. These laws also provide for the imposable penalty for their violation. The purpose of which is to maintain order within the community. Though there may not be rewards for compliance and observance with these laws, there are always punishment for their violation. Punishment is the effect of a violation of a law enacted by the duly constituted authorities of the state. Punishment can either be the payment of fine and indemnities for injuries caused. It could also be imprisonment of the individual which may last for several days or for several years or the imposition of what is considered as the ultimate form of punishment – capital punishment. This essay seeks to focus on the issue of capital punishment as the state’s response for the violation of its laws against capital crimes. Some argue against the imposition of capital punishment because it is mainly arbitrary while some argue in favor of capital punishment. I aim to discuss the arguments for and against capital punishment. In the concluding portion, I aim to take a stand on this issue. Capital Punishment Capital Punishment is defined as the execution of a convicted criminal by the state as punishment for crimes known as capital crimes or capital offences (â€Å"Capital Punishment†) It is also known as death penalty. The formal execution of individuals for violation of communal rules had always been practiced ever since the beginning of our history. Even when there were still no formal written laws, execution had always been a part of the communal justice system. This was used to regulate the behavior of the members of the community. This is usually imposed by the tribal leader against those who violate the laws of the tribe. Even in the past decades, capital punishment was still being practiced for those convicted of a particular crime. To date, capital punishment is still imposed by some countries, though fewer countries are imposing it. For those countries which still practice it, the trend today is the movement towards a less painful and more humane executions. Hanging and Guillotine which were being practiced before were gradually replaced by electrocution and gas chamber and later the lethal injection. (John J. Patrick, Richard M. Pious Donald A. Ritchie, p. 2) Arguments against Capital Punishment The main argument against capital punishment is that it is arbitrary. Perhaps, the strongest support for this argument is found in the Eighth Amendment to the US Constitution which states that: â€Å"No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. † It is the argument of the Abolitionists that capital punishment is tantamount to torture. It is cruel and inhuman. Further, citing Black’s Law Dictionary, they argue that capital punishment fits the definition of an arbitrary punishment since it is imposed in an unreasonable manner or it is something which is done at the pleasure, whims and caprices of the government authorities. Supporting this premise are studies which are cited by the Death Penalty Information Center. It is said that in a comprehensive study covering 20 years and thousands of capital cases in Ohio, the Associated Press found that the death penalty has been applied in an uneven and often arbitrary fashion. Offenders facing a death penalty charge for killing a white person were twice as likely to go to death row than if they had killed a black victim. Death sentences were handed down in 18% of cases where the victims were white, compared with 8. 5% of cases where victims were black. † (â€Å"Major Study Finds Arbitrary Application of Death Penalty, 2007) Arguments in Favor of Capital Punishment On the other hand, the retentionists argue that the US Supreme Court has already spoken on this issue and has already ruled on its constitutionality. As the highest court of our country, it is but proper that we give deference to their ruling. Initially, in the case of Furman v Georgia (408 US 238), the Supreme Court declared that the imposition and carrying out of the death penalty constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendment. However in the latter case of Gregg v Georgia (428 US 153) the Supreme Court reversed itself and ruled that death penalty does not violate the US Constitution. It cannot be said that capital punishment is arbitrary because it is imposed only in cases of heinous crimes which are specifically defined by the legislature. It cannot be imposed for any other crime. Further, before capital punishment is finally imposed to a convicted prisoner, he must go through the usual lengthy process of prosecution and conviction. It must be stressed that even if the accused is convicted by the lower courts, once the case goes up on appeal to the United States Supreme Court the case may still be reversed if the court finds that the state fails to prove its case beyond reasonable doubt. Thus, the defendant only has to instill doubt in the mind of the court to avoid capital punishment. It only goes to show that before the conviction is affirmed by the appellate court or the United States Supreme Court, they must have found strong and convincing evidence that the accused indeed has committed a heinous crime. Further, capital punishment as a penalty is imposed to all those prisoners who may be found to have committed a heinous crime. It is imposed regardless of one’s color, race, sex, financial capacity or social status. If there appears to be discrimination in its imposition, then the proper response would be to correct the error and not by abolishing the whole system of capital punishment. It cannot likewise be said that capital punishment amounts to torture or that it is cruel because any infliction of pain in capital punishment is merely incidental in carrying out the death penalty. Capital punishment does not fall within the constitutional prohibition against cruel, degrading and inhuman punishment. It may be said that anything that results in pain is cruel. But this does not that crime will go unpunished. The cruelty which the Eighth Amendment speaks of here is cruelty which is inherent in the method of punishment and not merely the suffering that is involved in any method employed to extinguish life humanely. In sum, capital punishment is not merely an act of violence imposed by the state. Rather, it is imposed by a legitimate authority based on a law passed by the Legislative Branch of our government. Capital punishment is not cruel and inhuman neither does it violate the fundamental human rights. Rather, it is the ultimate punishment for those who have severely disregarded the value of human life.

For Money or Love Essay example -- Literary Analysis, Jane Austen

Women of the 1800’s where very limited to what they could do in life; especially the women of the upper and middle class. They where expected to do nothing more than marry and to marry well. If they could not do this the life that they faced was very grim. It would be a life of spinsterhood and being care for by other family members or working as a governess for some upper class family. Jane Austen in her book Pride and Prejudice shows the reader the important of marrying and hopefully marrying well but also how important it is marry for love. Jane Austen was born in1775 and the world that she grows up in was one that was very limited for women. Jane was very lucky in the fact that her parents knew how important an education was for all children. She was sent to school but she received most of her education at home from the book in her father’s library. From David Nokes’s book â€Å"Jane Austen a Life† he tells us that Jane† had determined that whatever her fait might be she would not indulge the role of charming female imbecile.†(103) and she was not willing to marry someone she did not love. In her book, she shows us many different characters and how they go about the whole game of marriage. There are five relationships in the book that we will look at, Mr. and Mrs. Bennet, Mr. and Mrs. Gardiner, Charlotte Lucas and Mr. Collins, Lydia and Wickham, Jane and Bingley, and Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy. Mrs. Bennett is described in the book as being a women of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. (3) She was a women with five daughters and her goal in life was to see them all married and hopefully married well. In understanding Pride and Prejudice, Debra Teachman suggests that â€Å"Mrs. Bennet does not have the... ...s not have very many options in life and that by marry him she would bring security to her mother and sisters but she is not willing to marry without being in love. If all she wanted was to marry for money she would have accepted Mr. Darcy first proposal instead of telling him â€Å"that you were the last man in the world whom I could ever be prevailed on to marry.† For Darcy and Elizabeth to fall in love it takes time and the understanding of each other charter before they both can look be on their own Pride and Prejudice that they might have. Jane Austen is trying to show us that marriage is more that a business deal and that one should not just look to the good manners or appetence of another. That marriage with love is domed to be unhappy and that does not take a lot of money to find happiness. I believe that she put a lot of herself in to the charter Elizabeth.

Plagiarism :: Computers Technology Cheating Essays

Plagiarism Plagiarism has been present in society for longer than one might like to think. But what is even more upsetting is the fact that it is a recurring problem in innumerable school systems across the country. By definition, plagiarism is the â€Å"unacknowledged and inappropriate use of ideas and wording of another writer† and can be considered â€Å"a grave violation of academic integrity† (http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/writing/tools/plagiarism.html). This may seem slightly harsh, but it is indeed true. However, to put in layman’s terms, an act of fraud or deception is committed when someone plagiarizes, either from a textbook or the internet. And, as with every mistake, consequences arise that affect the individual greatly. The general public conveys plagiarism to be â€Å"the capital intellectual crime† and in addition, is most often used by students and professors whose â€Å"undetected plagiarisms disrupt the system of student and scholarly evaluation† (http://www.law.uchicago.edu/news/posner-r-plagiarism.html). Such actions can become the cause of expulsion of a student or the halt of a professor’s career. Because this is a major offense and requires immediate discipline, several American universities have established guides indicating the types of plagiarism that exist. One prime example is California State’s Eagle Guide. Within it, three categories of various plagiarisms are presented with the first titled Turning in Someone Else’s Paper, also known as Type I. Basically, the individual was either too lazy or lacked the confidence in himself to compose the paper. â€Å"This is the worst type of plagiarism because fraud is committed that undermin es the entire educational system. The material was not learned, writing skills did not improve, and the grade is based on deception. All in all, the person’s education is a fraud.† (http://web.calstatela.edu/centers/write cn/plagiarism.htm). Furthermore, Type II is the Internet â€Å"Pastiche† which is a â€Å"literary work composed of various sources† (Macmillan Dictionary, 1984). In this instance, the paper is assembled by the â€Å"writer† out of other texts. Paragraphs are â€Å"grabbed† and are carefully placed to form a final draft. Lastly, Type III is improper paraphrasing. This transpires when an author’s idea(s) are rewritten into other’s words and original sentence structure is used. Type III is the least hostile because it can easily be corrected with few practices.

Ethernet Cabling Category

The charter school's CEO has requested your help in updating the network to meet the demands of the building's faculty members and students. Your job is to interview the key stakeholders and to take action to remedy the issues that they have. Write a two to three page proposal addressing each of the stakeholder concerns. Use the technologies below for the areas of concern. All of the technologies listed below will not be used, so be careful with your choices. You must use one of the solutions below to address each area of concern.Be specific in your responses, and justify the use of each technology based upon the concern. Category 2 UTP 10Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 5 UTP 100Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 6 UTP 1000Base – T Ethernet Cabling Server Farm File Server Print Server 8 port hub 16 port hub 24 port hub 8 port switch 16 port switch 24 port switch Storage area network RAID Fiber 1000Based-F Domain controllers Bus topology Topology Microwave wire less media Infrared wireless media Radio wireless media K E Y P L A Y E R SHelen Ross, Network Technician, Female â€Å"I don't know who designed our old network or what they were thinking. You see, my job is to support the faculty in the building and to fix minor network issues. Well, we often have major issues in our building, and I'm hoping that you can make things better. Printing is a really problematic area for us. You see, we have over 50 networked printers in this building. Although we do need the printers, we need some way to consolidate the management of print jobs, as the queues on these printers often are filled.We also need to navigate to each printer individually to clear them. There has to be a better way because this is ridiculous. Collisions have become a problem for us as well since we started to add new computers a few years ago. In the morning when everyone gets in, network performance slows to a crawl because everyone is busy on the network with their morning a ttendance and checking e-mail. After performing a network analysis, I figured out that there were way too many collisions on the network. There has to be a way to fix this. â€Å" Ethernet Cabling Category The charter school's CEO has requested your help in updating the network to meet the demands of the building's faculty members and students. Your job is to interview the key stakeholders and to take action to remedy the issues that they have. Write a two to three page proposal addressing each of the stakeholder concerns. Use the technologies below for the areas of concern. All of the technologies listed below will not be used, so be careful with your choices. You must use one of the solutions below to address each area of concern.Be specific in your responses, and justify the use of each technology based upon the concern. Category 2 UTP 10Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 5 UTP 100Base – T Ethernet Cabling Category 6 UTP 1000Base – T Ethernet Cabling Server Farm File Server Print Server 8 port hub 16 port hub 24 port hub 8 port switch 16 port switch 24 port switch Storage area network RAID Fiber 1000Based-F Domain controllers Bus topology Topology Microwave wire less media Infrared wireless media Radio wireless media K E Y P L A Y E R SHelen Ross, Network Technician, Female â€Å"I don't know who designed our old network or what they were thinking. You see, my job is to support the faculty in the building and to fix minor network issues. Well, we often have major issues in our building, and I'm hoping that you can make things better. Printing is a really problematic area for us. You see, we have over 50 networked printers in this building. Although we do need the printers, we need some way to consolidate the management of print jobs, as the queues on these printers often are filled.We also need to navigate to each printer individually to clear them. There has to be a better way because this is ridiculous. Collisions have become a problem for us as well since we started to add new computers a few years ago. In the morning when everyone gets in, network performance slows to a crawl because everyone is busy on the network with their morning a ttendance and checking e-mail. After performing a network analysis, I figured out that there were way too many collisions on the network. There has to be a way to fix this. â€Å"

Essay on Peter Singers ethics

Essay on Peter Singers ethics Essay on Peter Singers ethics Essay on Peter Singers ethicsThere exist different types of arguments in the media: categorical, propositional, analogical, causal, statistical arguments, etc. Among these, one can identify ethics-focused arguments which are referred to as moral arguments. The video named Peter Singers ethics contains numerous examples of moral arguments; in fact, moral argument is the kind of argument that Peter Singer predominantly uses in the video to convey his opinion.The issue that Peter Singer addresses in his video is the moral value of the choices that people make in their lives and the choices that people choose not to make in their lives. The focus of Singers idea is on the fact that it is not sufficient to avoid harming people and other living beings; it is also important to consider whether personal choices contribute to making the world a better place, and whether the persons choices are good in the moral sense. Singer supports his arguments with a vivid example: most people would choos e to save a drowning boy and sacrifice a pair of expensive shoes in such situation, but at the same time many people choose to buy luxurious and expensive things despite the fact that they could save several boys by donating these money. In this case, Singer illustrates that it is easy to be commonly moral, but it is more difficult to evaluate own choices not only in evidently critical situations but in ordinary situations as well.Singer uses the type of argument which is referred to as moral argument. According to Rainbolt Dwyer (2014), a moral argument is such an argument the conclusion of which asserts something to be morally good or morally bad. The premises of Singers arguments are the following: it is morally good to care about other living beings and make choices that make the world better for others, and it is morally bad to cause suffering of other human beings and to avoid helping when there are resources available for helping. Hence, Singer implicitly concludes that purc hasing luxurious goods is not moral as it is better to help the poor, and that eating meat is not moral because other sentient living beings have to suffer.Singers view is approved from the deontological point of view. Deontological arguments rely on the specific intrinsic value of an action or a choice (Rainbolt Dwyer, 2014). Singer ascribes positive moral value to helping other living beings and reducing their suffering. These intrinsic features are universalizable (Rainbolt Dwyer, 2014) and it would be beneficial for the society if everyone shared such views. Therefore, Singer presents valid deontological moral arguments in his video.

Places in the Iliad - Towns, Cities, Rivers, and More

Places in the Iliad - Towns, Cities, Rivers, and More In this list of places in The Iliad, youll find towns, cities, rivers, and some of the groups of people involved on either the Trojan or Greek side of the Trojan War. Abantes: people from Euboea (island near Athens).Abii: a tribe from the north of Hellas.Abydos: a city near Troy, on the Hellespont.Achaea: mainland Greece.Achelous: a river in northern Greece.Achelous: a river in Asia Minor.Adresteia: a town north of Troy.Aegae: in Achaea, location of Poseidons underwater palace.Aegialus: a town in Paphlagonia.Aegilips: a region of Ithaca.Aegina: an island off the Argolid.Aegium: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Aenus: a town in Thrace.Aepea: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Aesepus : a river flowing near Troy from Mt. Ida to the sea.Aetolians: those living in Aetolia, an area of north-central Greece.Aipy: a town ruled by Nestor.Aisyme: a town in Thrace.Aithices: the inhabitants of a region of Thessaly.Alesium: a town of the Epeians (in northern Peloponnese).Alope: a town in Pelasgian Argos.Alos: a town in Pelasgian Argos.Alpheius: a river in the Peloponnese: near Thryoessa.Alybe: a town of the Halizoni.Amphigenea: a town ruled by Nestor.Amydon: a town of the Pae onians (in north-eastern Greece). Amyclae: a town of Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Anemorea: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Anthedon: a town in Boeotia.Antheia: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Antrum: a town in Thessaly.Apaesus: a town to the north of Troy.Araethyrea: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Arcadia: a region in central Peloponnese.Arcadians: inhabitants of Arcadia.Arene: a town ruled by Nestor.Argissa: a town in Thessaly.Argives: see Achaeans.Argolid: area in the north-west Peloponnese.Argos : town in northern Peloponnese ruled by Diomedes.Argos: a large area ruled by Agamemnon.Argos: a general term for the homeland of Achaeans generally (i.e., mainland Greece and Peloponnese).Argos: a region in north-east Greece, part of the kingdom of Peleus (sometimes called Pelasgian Argos).Arimi: people living in theregion where the monster Typhoeus lies underground.Arisbe: a town on the Hellespont, north of Troy.Arne: a town in Boeotia; home of Menesthius.Ascania: a region in Phrygia.Asine: a town in the Argolid.Asopus: a ri ver in Boeotia. Aspledon: a city of the Minyans.Asterius: a town in Thessaly.Athens: a town in Attica.Athos: promontory in northern Greece.Augeiae: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Augeiae: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Aulis: the place in Boeotia where the Achaean fleet assembled for the Trojan expedition.Axius: a river in Paeonia (in north-eastern Greece).Batieia: a mound in the plain in front of Troy (also called tomb of Myrine).Bear: constellation (also called the Wain): depicted on Achilles shield.Bessa: a town in Locris (in central Greece) (2.608).Boagrius: a river in Locris (in central Greece).Boebea: name of a lake andtown in Thessaly.Boeotia: a region of central Greece whose men are part of Achaean forces.Boudeum: original home of Epeigeus (Achaean warrior).Bouprasium: a region in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Bryseae: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Cadmeians: citizens of Thebes in Boeotia.Calliarus: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Callicolone: a hill near Troy. Calydnian Islands: islands in the Aegean Sea. Calydon: a town in Aetolia.Cameirus: a town in Rhodes.Cardamyle: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Caresus: a river from Mount Ida to the sea.Carians: inhabitants ofCaria (a region of Asia Minor), allies of the Trojans.Carystus: a town in Euboea.Casus: an island in the Aegean Sea.Caucones: people of Asia Minor, Trojan allies.Caystrios: a river in Asia Minor.Celadon: a river on the borders of Pylos.Cephallenians: troops in Odysseus contingent (part of Achaean army).Cephisia: lake in Boeotia.Cephissus: a river in Phocis.Cerinthus: a town in Euboea.Chalcis : town in Euboea.Chalcis: a town in Aetolia.Chryse: a town near Troy.Cicones: Trojan allies from Thrace.Cilicians: people ruled by Eà «tion.Cilla: a town near Troy.Cleonae: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Cnossus: large city in Crete.Copae: a town in Boeotia.Corinth: a city on the isthmus dividing mainland Greece and the Peloponnese, part of Agamemnons kingdom, also called Ephyre.Coronea: a town in Boeotia.Cos: an island in the Aegean Sea.Cranae: an island where Paris took Helen after abducting her from Sparta. Crapathus: an island in the Aegean Sea.Cretans: inhabitants of the island of Crete, led by Idomeneus.Cromna: a town in PaphlagoniaCrisa: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Crocylea: a region of Ithaca.Curetes: people living in Aetolia.Cyllene: a mountain in Arcadia (in central Peloponnese); home of Otus.Cynus: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Cyparisseis: a town ruled by Nestor.Cyparissus: a town in Phocis.Cyphus: a town in northern Greece.Cythera: the place of origin of Amphidamas; original home of Lycophron.Cytorus: a town in Paphlagonia.Danaans: see Achaeans.Dardanians: people from around Troy, led by Aeneas.Daulis: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Dium: a town in Euboea.Dodona: a town in north west Greece.Dolopes: people given to Phoenix to rule by Peleus.Dorium: a town ruled by Nestor.Doulichion: an island off the west coast of mainland Greece.Echinean Islands: islands off west coast of mainland Greece.Eilesion: a town in Boeotia.Eionae: a town in the Argolid.Eleans: p eople inhabiting the Peloponnese. Eleon: a town in Boeotia.Elis: a region in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Elone: a town in Thessaly.Emathia: Hera goes there on the way to visit Sleep.Enetae: a town in Paphlagonia.Enienes: the inhabitants of a region in northern Greece.Enispe: a town in Arcadia (in central Peloponnese).Enope: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Epeians: part of the Achaean contingent, inhabitants of northern Peloponnese.Ephyra : a town in north-west Greece.Ephyra: alternate name for Corinth: home of Sisyphus.Ephyrians: people in Thessaly.Epidaurus: a town in the Argolid.Eretria: a town in Euboea.Erithini: a town in Paphlagonia.Erythrae: a town in Boeotia.Eteonus: a town in Boeotia.Ethiopians: Zeus visits them .Euboea: a large island close to mainland of Greece on the east:.Eutresis: a town in Boeotia.Gargaros: a peak on Mount Ida.Glaphyrae: a town in Thessaly.Glisas: a town in Boeotia.Gonoessa: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Graea: a town in Boeotia.Granicus: a river flowing from Mount Ida to the sea.Gygean Lake: a lake in Asia Minor: birth region of Iphition. Gyrtone: a town in Thessaly.Haliartus: a town in Boeotia.Halizoni: Trojan allies.Harma: a town in Boeotia.Helice: a town ruled by Agamemnon; site of worship of Poseidon.Hellas: a region of Thessaly ruled by Peleus (Achilles father).Hellenes: the inhabitants of Hellas.Hellespont: narrow stretch of water between Thrace and the Troad (separating Europe from Asia).Helos: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Helos: a town ruled by Nestor.Heptaporus: a river flowing from Mount Ida to the sea.Hermione: a town in the Argolid.Hermus: a river in Maeonia, birthplace of Iphition.Hippemolgi: distant tribe.Hire: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Histiaea: a town in Euboea.Hyades: heavenly constellation: depicted on Achilles shield.Hyampolis: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Hyde: birthplace of Iphition (Trojan warrior).Hyle: a town in Boeotia; home of Oresbius and Tychius.Hyllus: a river in Asia Minor near the birthplace of Iphition.Hyperea: site of a spring in Thessaly.Hyperesia: a town ruled by A gamemnon. Hyria: a town in Boeotia.Hyrmine: a town in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Ialysus: a town in Rhodes.Iardanus: a river in the Peloponnese.Icaria: an island in the Aegean Sea.Ida: a mountain near Troy.Ilion: another name for Troy.Imbros: an island in the Aegean Sea.Iolcus: a town in Thessaly.Ionians: people of Ionia.Ithaca: an island off westcoast of Greece, home of Odysseus.Ithome: a town in Thessaly.Iton: a town in Thessaly.Las: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Lacedaemon: the area ruled by Menelaus (in south Peloponnese).Lapith: the inhabitants of a region of Thessaly.Larissa: a town near Troy.Leleges: the inhabitants of a region in northern Asia Minor.Lemnos: an island in the north-eastern Aegean Sea.Lesbos: an island in the Aegean.Lilaea: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Lindus: a city in Rhodes.Locrians: men from Locris in central Greece.Lycastus: a town in Crete.Lycia/Lycians: a region of Asia Minor.Lyctus: a city in Crete.Lyrnessus: a city captured by Achilles, wher e he took Briseis captive. Macar: king of islands south of Lesbos.Maeander: a river in Caria (in Asia Minor).Maeonia: a region of Asia Minor south of Troy.Maeonians: inhabitants of a region of Asia Minor, Trojan allies.Magnetes: inhabitants of Magnesia in northern Greece.Mantinea: a town in Arcadia.Mases: a town in the Argolid.Medeon: a town in Boeotia.Meliboea: a town in Thessaly.Messe: a town in Lacedaemon ruled by Menelaus.Messeis: a spring in Greece.Methone: a town in Thessaly.Midea: a town in Boeotia.Miletus : a city in Crete.Miletus: a city in Asia Minor.Minyeà ¯us: a river in Peloponnese.Mycale: a mountain in Caria,in Asia Minor.Mycalessus: a town in Boeotia.Mycenae: a city in the Argolid ruled by Agamemnon.Myrine: see Batieia.Myrmidons: troops from Thessaly under command of Achilles.Myrsinus: a town in Epeia, in northern Peloponnese.Mysians: Trojan allies.Neritum: a mountain in Ithaca.Nisa: a town in Boeotia.Nisyrus: an island in the Aegean Sea.Nysa: a mountain associated with Dionysus.Ocalea: a town in Boeotia. Oceanus (Ocean): god of the river surrounding the earth.Oechalia: a city in Thessaly.Oetylus: a town in Lacedaemon, ruled by Menelaus.Olene: a large rock in Elis.Olenus: a town in Aetolia.Olizon: a town in Thessaly.Oloà ¶sson: a town in Thessaly.Olympus: a mountain where the major gods (the Olympians) live.Onchestus: a town in Boeotia.Opoeis: the place where Menoetius and Patroclus came from.Orchomenus: a city in central Greece.Orchomenus: a city in Acadia.Orion: a heavenly constellation: depicted on Achilles shield.Ormenius: a town in Thessaly.Orneae: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Orthe: a town in Thessaly.Paeonia: a region in northern Greece.Panopeus: a town in Phocis (in central Greece); home of Schedius.Paphlagonians: Trojan allies.Parrhasia: a town in Arcadia.Parthenius: a river in Paphlagonia.Pedaeum: the home of Imbrius.Pedasus: a town near Troy: home of Elatos.Pedasus: a city ruled by Agamemnon.Pelasgia: a region near Troy.Pelion: a mountain in mainland Greece: home of the centa urs. Pellene: a town ruled by Agamemnon.Peneus: a river in northern Greece.Peraebians: inhabitants of a region in north-west Greece.Percote: a town north of Troy; home of Pidytes.Perea: the place where Apollo bred horses of Admetus.Pergamus: the high citadel of Troy.Peteon: a town in Boeotia.Phaestus : town in Crete.Pharis: a town in Peloponnese.Pheia: a town in the Peloponnese.Pheneus: a town in Arcadia.Pherae : city in Thessaly.Pherae: a city in southern Peloponnese.Phlegyans: fighting against Ephyreans.Phocis: territory of Phoceans (part of the Achaean contingent), in central Greece.Phrygia: a region of Asia Minor inhabited by Phrygians, allies of the Trojans.Phthia: a region in south Thessaly (in northern Greece), home of Achilles and his father Peleus.Phthires: a region in Carian Asia Minor.Phylace: a town in Thessaly; home of Medon.Pieria: Hera goes there on the way to Sleep.Pityeia: a town to the north of Troy.Placus: a mountain by Thebe, city near Troy.Plataea: a town in Boeotia.P leiades: a heavenly constellation: depicted on Achilles shield. Pleuron: a town in Aetolia; home of Andraemon, Portheus, and Ancaeus.Practius: a town to the north of Troy.Pteleum: a town ruled by Nestor.Pteleum: a town in Thessaly.Pylene: a town in Aetolia.Pylians: residents of Pylos.Pylos: area in south Peloponnese, and central city in that area, ruled by Nestor.Pyrasus: a town in Thessaly.Pytho: a town in Phocis (in central Greece).Rhesus: a river flowing from Mount Ida to the sea.Rhipe:  ¨town in Arcadia.Rhodes: a large island in the eastern Mediterranean.Rhodius: a river from Mount Ida to the sea: stirred up by Poseidon and Apollo to destroy the wall.Rhytium: a town in Crete.Salamis: an island off mainland Greece, home of Telamonian Ajax.Samos: an island off west coast of mainland Greece, ruled by Odysseus.Samos: an island in northern Aegean Sea.Samothrace: an island in the Aegean Sea: Poseidons view point on the battle.Sangarius: a river in Phyrgia; home of Asius.Satnioeis: a river near Troy; home of Altes.Scaean Gates: the major gates thr ough the Trojan walls. Scamander: a river outside Troy (also called the Xanthus).Scandia: the home of Amphidamas.Scarphe: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Schoenus: a town in Boeotia.Scolus: a town in Boeotia.Scyros: an island in the Aegean: Achilles son being raised there.Selleà ¯s: a river in north-west Greece.Selleà ¯s: a river north of Troy.Sesamus: a town in Paphlagonia.Sestos: a town on the north side of the Hellespont.Sicyon: a town ruled by Agamemnon; home of Echepolus.Sidon: a city in Phoenicia.Simoeis: a river near Troy.Sipylus: a mountain area where Niobe still exists.Solymi: a tribe in Lycia: attacked by Bellerophon.Sparta: a city in Lacedaemon, home of Menelaus and (originally) Helen.Spercheus: a river, father of Menesthius, after copulating with Polydora.Stratie: a town in Arcadia.Stymphelus: a town in Arcadia.Styra: a town in Euboea.Styx: a special underground river on which gods swear their oaths: Titaressus a branch of the Styx.Syme: an island in the Aegean Sea.Tarne: a city in Maeon ia.Tarphe: a town in Locris (in central Greece). Tartarus: a deep pit below the earth.Tegea: a town in Arcadia.Tenedos: an island a short distance off the coast from Troy.Tereia: a mountain to the north of Troy.Thaumachia: a town in Thessaly.Thebe: a city near Troy.Thebes: a city in Boeotia.Thebes: a city in Egypt.Thespeia: a town in Boeotia.Thisbe: a town in Boeotia.Thrace: a region north of the Hellespont.Thronion: a town in Locris (in central Greece).Thryoessa: a city in war between Pylians and Epeians.Thryum: a town ruled by Nestor.Thymbre: a town near Troy.Timolus: a mountain in Asia Minor, near Hyde.Tiryns: a city in the Argolid.Titanus: a town in Thessaly.Titaressus: a river in north-western Greece, a branch of the river Styx.Tmolus: a mountain in Meonia.Trachis: a town in Pelasgian Argos.Tricca: a town in Thessaly.Troezene: a town in the Argolid.Xanthus: a river in Lycia (Asia Minor).Xanthus: a river outside Troy, also called the Scamander, also the god of the river.Zacynthus: an island off the west coast of Greece, part of the area ruled by Odysseus. Zeleia: a town close to Troy, on lower slopes of Mt. Ida. Source: Glossary for the Iliad, by Ian Johnston

Scream a Horror Film by Wes Craven

Scream a Horror Film by Wes Craven Scream is a horror film that was released in 1996. Upon its release, it became an immediate box office. This movie contains some well-developed elements of a scary movie such as an evil character, murder, and sound effects. This essay will discuss how the director of the movie Scream used these three important elements to draw the attention of the viewers and keep their attention throughout the entire film.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Scream a Horror Film by Wes Craven specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The main element in any scary movie is the evil character, who is usually the reason behind the horrifying plot. In the movie Scream, the evil character is a man who is dressed in a long black robe and wears an elongated white mask over his face. He is very plain and simple which creates more suspense because no one knows who he is. This evil character calls his targeted victims over the phone. Many times, victims t hink someone is making a prank call. For example, the movie opens when Casey (Drew Barrymore) receives a call from an unidentified caller. As his voice is becoming more threatening, she starts to realize that he is not only talking to her on the phone, but he is also watching her. After he calls and harasses his targeted victims over the phone, he appears in the same house and chases down his victims until he is able to successfully murder them. No one knows the killers identity and it creates a sense of wonder. His deep, threatening voice helps to make his plain and simple costume even scarier for the viewers. All scary movies have to have the element of death. The murders committed in the movie made it one of the scariest movies of its time. After killing his teenage victims, he usually leaves their mutilated bodies in odd places or positions. For example, after killing Caseys boyfriend, the killer chases her into the yard. Her parents do not see her, so after the killer stabs her in the chest, he then hangs her dead body in the tree for her parents to see her. So, not only are the murders gruesome, they are also very disturbing. By chasing his victims, he creates suspense and excitement for the viewers. There were several sound effects throughout the movie, that created fear and suspense for the viewers. For example, the voice of the killer over the phone created a scary feeling; it was deep and mysterious, harsh and threatening. The use of music was also very well developed. It helped to excite the viewers and create a sense of fear.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Finally, as the title indicates, Scream, throughout the entire film, victims scream for help, but no one comes. On the other hand, sometimes the victims cannot scream because of the way the killer stabs them. The inability to scream created an element of fear because this made the k iller powerful. This movie was very well-written, directed and executed for the horror audience. The director was able to grab the viewers attention and hold it throughout the entire film. He created a sense of fear which is what a successful horror film about. When the film ended, it was very clear that there would be a sequel soon. By using an undefined ending, the director was able to convince the viewers to come back and see the next part. Therefore, with these three main elements of a horror film, Scream was very successful.

Business Ethics from Profit domain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Ethics from Profit domain - Essay Example Business Ethics from Profit domain Business ethics is concerned with how businesses relate with the globe at large as well as their one-on-one relationship with their individual customers. Most business across the globe has earned bad reputation as a result of just being in the world of business. In the eyes of most people, the bottom line of business in making money, and this action is referred to as capitalism. Indeed, it is not wrong to have a means of generating money in the business world, but the manner in which it is being done is what counts, hence, a concern in business ethical behavior. It is conflicting to resolve the existing tension between a philosopher who believes in ethics in business and a money minded business owner. To fine the conflict the paper will look at three different ways that will lead the business world into business ethical standards (Chryssides and Kaler, 12-13). Business Ethics from Profit domain There has been an argument that business and ethics have a symbiotic correlation in which naturally ethics emerges from the businesses which are profit oriented. As a result of this, there are two ways of explaining the ethical standards. One, the application of good ethics in the business results to successful business. In general, it means that when businesses practice moral standards, they earn profits. However, this is not usually the case; for instance, making of safe products is profitable since product liability is decreased. In addition, businesses are profitable if employees privacy is respected, since there will be increased motivation hence efficiency. (Hartley, 44), Argues that, the only way a business can earn long-term interests, it’s by seeking trust from the public. However, this version has its weakness; for instance, most business that upholds moral practice will attain an economic advantage in the long run only. Little incentives are provided to businesses that seek profits within a short time. In addition some business morals may not be economi cally viable whether in the long run or short term. On the other hand, moral business depends on what it is being the product or service that will earn the business good profit. Therefore, the conflict that exists between business ethics and profits is incidental. The Second way is that, the profit motive in a free market which is competitive will bring about business ethics. Meaning that, if safe products are demanded by consumers, or if employees demand for their privacy, then consumers will purchase from or the individuals would wish to be employed in business that have their demand. It is therefore obvious that, good businesses lead to standard ethics, when business standards are observed by individuals involved in the business it is automatic to attract the consumers. However, the assumption that consumers and employees will demand there need to be met is challenging. The consumers may desire poor products if they are making a saving and the employees will forego their needs if they are compensated with high pays. It is important to note that not every ethical behavior in a business will lead to profitability. Business Ethics against laws The other strategy of business ethics is that the ethical obligation in a business encounters laws constrains. Across the globe, morality from the westernized has been put into legal laws such as harassments, killings and fraud. For

America in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita Research Paper

America in Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita - Research Paper Example So much of the consumer society must have been a shock to him, after the deprivations of wartime in Europe, and yet he identified very strongly with many features of his new home. Sweeney quotes Nabokov saying to a journalist in 1966 â€Å"I am as American as April in Arizona† (1994, p. 325) and links this curious alliterative statement with the period when Nabokov and his family lived in Arizona in the Spring of 1953: â€Å"On sunny afternoons that April (and all day long during one rainy week) Nabokov worked at telling one story in particular: Lolita, his most acute observation of America’s beauties and vulgarities, the most cunning, incisive and poetic American novel of this century. (Sweeney, 1994, p. 328). Lolita is set in working class provincial America, and its characters speak the idiom of that milieu. The object of his desire is a world weary twelve year old and Humbert indulges her love of vulgar and transient aspects of American culture: â€Å"Mentally, I found her a disgustingly conventional little girl. Sweet hot jazz, square dancing, gooey fudge sundaes, musicals, movie magazines and so forth.† (Nabokov and Appel, 1991, p. 148)The character of Humbert is portrayed as an immigrant of French origins, and in this character Nabokov plays out part of himself, quoting the narrative style of the realist novelist Flaubert in French with the phrase â€Å"Nous connà »mes† and contrasting this learned reference with the tacky motels that they visit (Nabokov and Appel, 1991, pp. 145-146). He sees the tackiness that is on offer as something faintly ridiculous, but uses it as a means to ingratiate himself with Lolita: â€Å"we had to buy its Indian curios, dolls, copper je welry, cactus candy. The words ‘novelties’ and ‘souvenirs’ simply entranced her by their trochaic lilt† (Nabokov and Appel, p. 148). Humbert merges his own intellectual delight in the language with Lolita’s love of trivia. Through her he learns to both love and hate

Economics for Business and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Economics for Business and Management - Essay Example Market is a distributed system and can be effectively used in taking decisions. These people think so because they believe that the market based system can really attend to the features of new world system. The following issues are addressed by market system: The market system is responsible for supporting a dense set of social goals. Social goals of people also include taking resource allocation decisions by people. The participants take their investment decisions by quantifying the benefits perceived on each of the investment options. It is the market that provides its participants initiatives to take the decisions wisely. Thus market system is such that it helps the investors maximise the overall value and take efficient investment decision. The prevalence of a currency in the market helps the participants express value for the decision variables. The currency is used as a medium of exchange between the economies of the world. For example if the currency is open, it is generally assumed as a mean to acquire huge amount of goods and services. In such situation, it can be used as an incentive for resource providers to increase their services and vice versa. Thus currency can be used as a medium that allows market to admire those who provide valuable resources to the market. Market system is a platform that provides the investors the set where they can express their desires and holdings. Markets are broadly used to take complex resource allocation decisions. The examples of difficult decision situations can be the wireless spectrum auctions, energy market and airline landing slot exchanges. These are the situations of extreme intricacies where market system has worked effectively in resolving problems. The market system provides scope for those systems that run in parallel and help offer various access to unique resources such as many scientific tools. For example, a situation can be imagined where a physics researcher

Physician career research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Physician career - Research Paper Example This paper investigates the academic requirements, career outlook, and potential income of studying medicine as a career in addition to talents and personal attributes necessary to succeed as a physician. In United States, all medical practitioners with a professional degree in medicine are regarded as physicians. UBLS (2010) classified physicians in two different categories, including Medical Doctor (MD) or allopathic physicians and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Both classes of doctors apply all acceptable practices of treating patients, including prescription of drugs and carrying surgical operations. However, doctors of osteopathic medicine emphasize mostly on preventive medicine, muscular skeletal system of the body and holistic care of patients. Medical doctors are mainly the primary medical care providers and they are normally specialized in all medical specialties (UBLS 2010). According to OES (2011) about 50% of medical doctors practice general medicine, pediatrics, an d internal medicine. Physicians could be specialized in one or more areas of medical specialization, including anesthesiology, general pediatrics, general internal medicine, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology in addition to general medicine among others. The requirements for becoming a physician differ depending on the final area of medical specialization in the United States. However, physicians are normally required to complete a four-year undergraduate degree program and then proceed to a medical school where they spend another four years. This is followed by a compulsory three to seven years in resident training after which they become eligible for being licensed as doctors. In this regard, medical doctors in the United States are required to complete two degrees and specified duration of clinical residence. According to AMA (2009), both of these degrees involve general course work while during the residency; the aspiring doctor chooses his or her preferred specialty. A four- year undergraduate degree marks the beginning of physician training program in the United States. The undergraduate program involves coursework in sciences, math and English. The first degree prepares the student for entry into the medical school and students must attain specific grades to qualify. Aspiring medical students have the freedom to choose any undergraduate degree, but many of them enroll in programs with heavy emphasis on chemistry and biological sciences. However, undergraduate training differs from one institution to another. Some tertiary institutions offer pre-medical programs that include mandatory classes for medical school in addition to preparing students to pass Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) (AMA 2009). After successful completion of the undergraduate degree, aspiring medical students are required to take Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). The test compromises of multiple choice questions that examines the student‘s knowledge on physical scienc e, critical thinking, biology and communication skills. The test is computerized and it takes a maximum of five hours. The performance on this test and undergraduate degree play major role in securing admission in medical school (AMA 2009). Students who score high marks in the test and have good undergraduate degrees are almost assured of admission into the medical

Business Management Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Management - Literature review Example In the current study, the focus will be on role of power in the organisation. The objective will be to find out what constitutes power, what are the several external and internal influences and how power in related to the overall performance and success of an organisation. Critical Review of Literature The relationship between organisation and power is critical and intimate. The organisations exist to the degree to which they are powerful. This power, in turn affects beliefs, behaviours as well as opportunities of groups, individuals, businesses and societies. Organisations endure as a result of various social practices especially those which are repetitive, socially constructive and controlling. As a result power has become an increasingly influential tool to control and manage societies as well as organisations. The relationship between organisations and power can also be called as bi-directional. ... Incorporation of power is critical in understanding how organisations operate in society and how they are interrelated. Workplace is a setting where individuals show a working relationship as well as are independent in accomplishing present as well as future outcomes. Power in organisations is critical as individuals often need particular influences in order to accomplish their objectives and goals. Researchers have also found slight variation on the perspectives of power in workplace and study approaches. The literature has suggested that power can be seen from various perspectives such as structure or system, individual or dyadic relationship. The existence of power in an organisation is the result of its structure or system and its mechanism to control and influence behaviour. According to this approach, power can be described as the capability to mobilise resources and people to get the work done (Katz, 1998). Thus, perceived capacity of the power can be examined against its real influence on the productivity of employees. According to Second, Lawrence and Robinson (2007), organizational power reflects the actions of an individual or an organizational system controlling the beliefs or behaviour of organizational members. This perspective is considered to be more complete as it recognizes organizational power as well as importance of personal power. According to this view per has the ability to get the work done without the occurrence of any resistance. It is believable that leaders can use these perspectives in order to be able to counter resistance from employees and workers during various workplace situations such as takeover, downsizing and union disputes. This perspective also concludes

Physician career research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Physician career - Research Paper Example This paper investigates the academic requirements, career outlook, and potential income of studying medicine as a career in addition to talents and personal attributes necessary to succeed as a physician. In United States, all medical practitioners with a professional degree in medicine are regarded as physicians. UBLS (2010) classified physicians in two different categories, including Medical Doctor (MD) or allopathic physicians and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). Both classes of doctors apply all acceptable practices of treating patients, including prescription of drugs and carrying surgical operations. However, doctors of osteopathic medicine emphasize mostly on preventive medicine, muscular skeletal system of the body and holistic care of patients. Medical doctors are mainly the primary medical care providers and they are normally specialized in all medical specialties (UBLS 2010). According to OES (2011) about 50% of medical doctors practice general medicine, pediatrics, an d internal medicine. Physicians could be specialized in one or more areas of medical specialization, including anesthesiology, general pediatrics, general internal medicine, psychiatry, obstetrics and gynecology in addition to general medicine among others. The requirements for becoming a physician differ depending on the final area of medical specialization in the United States. However, physicians are normally required to complete a four-year undergraduate degree program and then proceed to a medical school where they spend another four years. This is followed by a compulsory three to seven years in resident training after which they become eligible for being licensed as doctors. In this regard, medical doctors in the United States are required to complete two degrees and specified duration of clinical residence. According to AMA (2009), both of these degrees involve general course work while during the residency; the aspiring doctor chooses his or her preferred specialty. A four- year undergraduate degree marks the beginning of physician training program in the United States. The undergraduate program involves coursework in sciences, math and English. The first degree prepares the student for entry into the medical school and students must attain specific grades to qualify. Aspiring medical students have the freedom to choose any undergraduate degree, but many of them enroll in programs with heavy emphasis on chemistry and biological sciences. However, undergraduate training differs from one institution to another. Some tertiary institutions offer pre-medical programs that include mandatory classes for medical school in addition to preparing students to pass Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) (AMA 2009). After successful completion of the undergraduate degree, aspiring medical students are required to take Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). The test compromises of multiple choice questions that examines the student‘s knowledge on physical scienc e, critical thinking, biology and communication skills. The test is computerized and it takes a maximum of five hours. The performance on this test and undergraduate degree play major role in securing admission in medical school (AMA 2009). Students who score high marks in the test and have good undergraduate degrees are almost assured of admission into the medical

Havoc Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Havoc - Movie Review Example In such cases, the immigrant is under the power of his/her spouse. Any of the individuals can become dependant on the other individual in any way. In such cases, the independent individual has a greater power dynamic. Power dynamic of an individual is also greater if he/she is more committed to the relationship than the other. Age also matters as the elder members of a relationship have more power dynamic. Therefore, the determinants of power dynamics make one individual dependant on his/her partner. Q.1B These dynamics can be translated into politics. It depends on the person having these dynamics. Like a colonizer, this person can manipulate his/her dynamic to draw the other individual deeper into his/her power. Male units can often be noted boasting about what they do for their family in front of them. The persistent reminder of dependence on her partner has a great psychological effect on the female unit. A colonizer wants to make himself needed and be envied of his power by the people of his colony. In intimate relationships, the dominant partner would not want his/her power to be envied by the other unit but the drive to assert the fact of one's being in power may cajole him to translate his/her dynamic to politics. ... Every person should know his limits and never try to mingle with the people of upper, lower or a completely different class. America's invasion of Afghanistan took a little time but even now it cannot be said that their invasion was successful. It is because the Afghan society is a classless society. They have never craved for other people's possessions and envies are very less in such societies. No ghetto boundaries are created except the ones which have been their even before the invasion i.e. between Americans and Afghans. A colonizer attempts to create these classes so that the people of a particular class can feel inferior or superior to the other class hence making the rule easier. Q.3 Alison and her friends believe that Hector and his friends are very cool and do a lot of drugs whenever they want. Especially after their first encounter, Alison is very impressed with Hector's world and is drawn to him. She saw that he had a gun and a teen-ager has this image in his/her mind tha t it feels great to commit a crime, run away from the police and get away with everything. Alison and her friends were never exposed to Hector's world before and lived in their own ghetto boundary which was away from the South. Similarly, Hector and his friends had lived in their ghetto boundary of the South who did not had to do anything with Alison and her friends. Hector and his friends thought that Alison and her friends showed up repeatedly to quench their sexual craving when they were doing so to fit in Hector's world and mould their lifestyle accordingly. Both groups misunderstood other group's intentions. Hector had been very keen to know what Alison wanted but she was unable to explain it to him.

Marriott at Myanmar Essay Example for Free

Marriott at Myanmar Essay This report is prepared to be the first document evaluating Myanmar’s attractiveness for consideration of establishing Marriott Hotels and Resorts in this country. The best location for the hotel is chosen to be the city called Yangon since it offers a wide variety of activities for travelers with different interests. Yangon Marriott Hotels and Resorts will be attracted to upscale visitors who wish to stay in a luxury, five-star hotel with exceptional service quality, while enjoying the beauty of the country. The target groups of customers are not limited only to local high income Burmese, but also foreign visitors who come on a business or vacation purposes in Myanmar. Myanmar is a resource-rich country with a lot of unseen and attractive destinations. If developed properly, the country has a high potential for growth in the tourism industry in the future. However, due to the high level of risks of its cultural, economical and political systems, this country is considered not attractive enough to operate the luxury brand hospitality business under Marriott name. Strained relationship with the U. S government and the European Union also makes it more difficult for an international brand like Marriott to establish a new business in this country. II. Overview Summary Information A. Key information regarding demographics of the target country The Union of Myanmar, previously called Burma, occupies the largest geographical area in the mainland Southeast Asia. From North to South, three parallel chains of mountain ranges divide the country into three river systems and create various topographic regions. It shares national borders with several countries: China on the north, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, and India on the northwest, with the Bay of Bengal to the southwest. The country achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1948. The population of Myanmar, approximately 54 million people, is highly diverse. There are eight major ethnic groups, which can be subdivided into 135 ethnic minorities. The official language is Burmese; however, several native languages are also spoken. English is usually spoken, particularly by the educated urban elites, and is the secondary language learnt in government schools. Eighty percent of Burmese population is Buddhist, prevalent in Theravada sect. The military government has officially relocated the capital of the country from Yangon to Naypyidaw in March 2006. III. Business History A. History of the company Marriott International, Inc. is a leading worldwide operator and franchisor of a range of value and luxury hotels and related lodging facilities. Nowadays, Marriott International has about 3,150 lodging properties located in the United States and 67 other countries and territories. Its operations are grouped into five business segments, which are full-service lodging, select service lodging, extended-stay lodging, timeshare, and synthetic fuel. Marriott International was formed in 1993 when Marriott Corporation split into two companies: Marriott International and Host Marriott Corporation. The company is headquartered in Bethesda, Maryland. B. Products/services offered and their unique advantage in the target markets The Marriott has become one of the world’s leading hospitality business operators from its excellent quality, service, and value. Throughout the Asia-Pacific region, its brand name has continuously led the company to the consistent growth in Marriott properties in many countries such as China, Japan, Singapore, and Thailand. Each Marriott hotel differentiates itself with exceptional amenities, individualized attention to guests, and careful reflection of local surroundings. As the business expands worldwide, Marriott brand gains a high level of brand loyalty from its guests. This large customer base will help facilitate the business when the brand enters to new-oversea markets. IV. Business Activity A. Industry structure, competition in the country and current economy of the target country Even though the number of travelers visiting Myanmar is very low, tourism is considered the country’s major source for foreign exchange. Burmese government has been trying to promote their tourism industry to outsiders. They launched the campaign of ‘Visit Myanmar Year’ in 1996. After that, according to the Statistics from Ministry of Hotels Tourism, the number of tourist arrivals has been increased. However, this increasing number could not retain on a continuous basis due to the country’s uncertainty and instability in many areas that made people feel uncomfortable visiting Myanmar. Myanmar’s economy is currently mixed and primarily based on agricultural activities, including livestock, fisheries, and forestry. This sector accounts for 50 percent of the country’s overall GDP. The country also possesses several kinds of valuable natural resources, including intensely fertile soil, offshore oil, and gas deposit. It is also the world’s largest exporter of teak and precious stones such as jade, pearls, rubies, and sapphires. Since late 1988, Myanmar moved toward more market-oriented economy. It changed its centrally planned economy to be more liberalized, both in domestic and international trade. The role of private sector was promoted, and foreign direct investment was welcomed. Despite such efforts, Myanmar is still considered the poorest country among the Southeast Asian nations. Although tourist industry has a high potential for growth in the future, it still remains underdeveloped. This is because mismanagement from the military government’s control, ineffective and inefficient policies, poor infrastructures, together with the country’s bad international image have drawn the whole country to the state of underdevelopment. Moreover, since the late 1990s, Myanmar’s economy has worsened due to economic sanctions from many countries such as the European Union, Canada, and the U. S. Foreign investments usually come from China, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. V. Market Research A. Market conditions in target country 1. Existing demand There are several reasons why Myanmar should be a good place in consideration for new investment opportunity. The country has vast and virtually untapped natural resources. To this day, Myanmar remains one of the most mysterious and undiscovered destinations in the world. The country seems appealing to many tourists around the world due to its unseen attractions with regard to cultures, history, and natural beauty. There has been an increasing demand from outside the country, especially from those travelers who wish to discover this resource-rich country. Myanmar is viewed as a good destination for people who want to have an exotic adventure, beach vacation, and mountain experience. In addition, advocates supporting Burmese tourist claim that it is the only method to help Burmese poor citizen to have a better standard of living and avoid isolating the country from the rest of the world. Another important issue needed to be pointed out is the message from the leader of Myanmar’s opposition National League of Democracy. Aung San Suu Kyi has in the past asked foreign tourists not to visit the country, as this helps increase the military junta’s power. This is one of the reasons why some people do not want to visit the country. 2. Competition After the Burmese government opened the country to promote several industries, tourism started to develop in Myanmar. Nowadays, there are approximately 500 hotels and guesthouses throughout the country. In Yangon alone, there are only six luxury hotels and approximately 20 moderate and economy hotels. Among those luxury hotels, none of them is operated under the recognized global hotel-chain companies. Most of the hotels are run by local Burmese people or businessmen from neighboring countries such as China, Singapore and Thailand. Therefore, competition in Myanmar’s tourism industry has not reached the intense level yet. VI. Potential Difficulties or Restriction A. Entry requirement The Government of Myanmar posts some restrictions on foreign investors wishing to do business in the country. In order to establish and operate under contractual agreement or partnership, foreign entity must submit all proposals to the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) and get approved under the Foreign Investment Law (FIL). Foreign investors can set up their business either in the form of a wholly-owned subsidiary or a joint venture with any partners: an individual, private company, a cooperative society or a state-owned enterprise. In all joint ventures, the minimum equity required from the foreign party is 35 percent. Moreover, the minimum amount of capital requirement to be eligible under the Foreign Investment Law is set to be US $500,000 for an industry, but US$300,000 for a service organization. Tourism industry is one of many sectors allowed under the Foreign Investment Law. Rather than the initial investment requirement, Myanmar also has commercial tax of ten percent levied on service of operation of hotels. B. Intellectual property issues Intellectual property is one important issue that prevents many oversea businesses from entering to Myanmar. The country has a negative outlook on its control with regard to this matter. Myanmar is considered having poor, maybe poorest, intellectual property right laws by the outside world. Marriott brand could be jeopardized since Myanmar’s legislation alone may not be able to protect the ownership of the company’s trademark. In the past, there was an evident showing that some local businesses were registered by using the existing international trademarks or trade name, and that prevented the original owners to register their own names and run the business in this country. VII. Cultural Issues A. Religion and its role in the society Since most Burmese people are Buddhist of Theravada stream, Buddhism has greatly influenced the standards of etiquette in the country. Their core religious belief is karma, the concept that good fathers good and bad fathers bad. This core belief has reflected in almost every aspect in everyday life; however, it does not play a significant role in doing business in this country. With basic knowledge of Burmese culture and custom, foreigners would find it easy to live with the local people. B. Special cultural issues For employer and employee relationship, Burmese employees are hardworking and loyal to their bosses. In return, an employer is expected to give help when in times of need. Such help can be the advice given for personal problems or loan granted in a financial crisis. As in all Asian countries, Myanmar respect people older than them. Therefore, in order to avoid friction in workplace, subordinates should be working under an older supervisor. Friendship, trust, and honesty are valued in a business relationship. Favors received, such as introducing a potential client or supplying a reference, must be repaid at a future time. For the first time in a business meeting, details of the project may not be discussed. Instead, the meeting may be spent evaluating each other’s personality and business strengths and weaknesses. In general, Myanmar business people find it easier to deal with Asians than Westerners. C. Business cultural issues In recent years, both China and India have attempted to strengthen ties with the Burmese government for economic benefits. This situation indicates that relationship with the military government could help smooth out the process or get the deals more easily. Personal relationship is considered one of the key components that could determine the success of the business. Foreign business will be more likely to succeed if the foreign entity can tie with a local partner, ultimately the Burmese government. According to Asian Journal of Political Science, â€Å"all post-colonial Myanmar governments and the business community benefited from their clientelistic networks. Without the help of government officials, many business firms would have gone under quickly; at the same time, without the assistance of business people, it would have been hard for most post-colonial Myanmar governments to keep themselves in power. It is very clear that government-business relations cannot simply be reduced to a zero-sum game. Certain interactions between the military government and the business community were mutually empowering†. Corruption is systemic at all levels of the Government and society. From Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs, â€Å"It is considered by economists and businesspersons to be one of the most serious barriers to investment and doing business in the country. A Byzantine and capricious regulatory environment fostered corruption. † VIII. Service Operation A. Location of service facilities The best location that Marriott Hotels and Resorts could be is in the city called Yangon. Yangon, previously known as Rangoon, is one of the most popular areas for foreign visitors and is considered the gateway to Myanmar. It is the largest and former capital of the country. Even though the city is no longer the capital, Yangon continues to be the most important commercial center of Myanmar. This relatively simple city is attractive in its own particular way. Yangon has earned the name ‘the Garden City of the East’ since it is green and cool with lush of tropical trees, shady parks, and beautiful lakes. The city offers a wide variety of activities for visitors such as diving, cultures, and ecotourism. Therefore, this city has a potential to attract a lot of travelers with different interests. B. Service modification necessary to adapt to local environment Since one of Marriott’s strength lies in its careful reflection of local surroundings, Marriott Hotels and Resorts built in Yangon should hold the same principle. Yangon Marriott Hotels and Resorts should combine the city’s natural beauty of its history, culture and scenery while offering the unique luxury standards. Destination hotels and resorts type might be an appropriate alternative for Marriott in Yangon. The destination resort should be located in the Yangon area with noteworthy natural features, plus an urban setting. IX. Personnel Strategies A. Employment restriction Myanmar has active labor force of about 20 million. They are fairly trained manpower and skilled labor with relatively low cost comparing to other neighboring countries. There is only 23 percent of the overall population working in the service industry; however, these Burmese people are considered hospitable due to the fact that they are generally honest and kind. However, due to the country’s poor infrastructure, Burmese people are not provided with good education. Their skills might not be good enough to fit in Marriott’s high standards of hospitality service. Therefore, it seems necessary for Marriott to provide training sessions to improve their hospitality skills. B. Expatriate issues Since Marriott ties the brand image with its superb service quality, it is vital that Yangon Marriott Hotels and Resorts are equipped with talented management team. Marriott International Inc. might need to import managers from oversea to run the Myanmar operations in order to ensure that Marriott’s core business practice is followed everywhere. This issue brings about big challenge since it will not be easy to find the talented people who will be willing to work in a country with high uncertainty and instability in many aspects on a voluntary basis. Marriott International Inc. might need to provide them with high enough incentives to encourage them to accept this assignment. Nevertheless, under the Foreign Investment Law, Myanmar allows the employment of foreign experts and technicians. Required manpower can be recruited through Township Labor Offices. X. Risks A. Government stability The most important risk exposed in Myanmar deals with its political issue. For the past 40 years, Myanmar has been ruled by the military government or junta, in which the power is centered. The State Peace and Development Council, or SPDC, maintains strict authoritarian rule over the people of Myanmar. The country has a reputation abroad for brutally crushing political dissent, as in the case of house arrests of Aung San Suu Kyi. According to the information from the articles Foreign relations of Burma and Military of Burma, â€Å"Aung San Suu Kyis National League for Democracy won a landslide victory in the countrys election of 1990; however, the military which has controlled Myanmar (Burma) for decades refused to transition the country to civilian democratic rule. For her part, Aung San Suu Kyi has spent most of the last decade under house arrest for her political efforts. In 1991, Aung San Suu Kyi was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize while still under house arrest. † This case brings about the global awareness and concern on the country’s political abuse and human right violation. B. Legal risk The country also completely lacks of regulatory and legal transparency. â€Å"All existing regulations, including those covering foreign investments, are subject to change with no advance or written notice at the whim of the regime’s ruling general. Myanmar does not accept International Court of Justice. C. Economic risk Myanmar’s economy suffers from serious macroeconomic imbalance. The country’s money currency is called Kyat, which is not stable at all. Volatility happens on a weekly basis. The Kyat is not convertible. This severe situation includes rising inflation, fiscal deficits, and multiple official exchange rates that overvalue the Burmese Kyat. A major banking crisis in 2003 also contributed a large negative impact on the overall disrupted economy. XI. Potential Benefits A. Market potential As already mentioned, Myanmar is one of resourceful countries that have high potential for future growth in tourism industry. The country offers all traditional delights of Asia in one country. If developed properly, the country’s tourism can become one of the world’s famous tourist destinations. Seeing this opportunity, Marriott brand can expand globally throughout the Asian Pacific region. Now Marriott brand has its hotel chains in Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, and Vietnam in this Asia Pacific region. B. Incentive from local government Myanmar’s Foreign Investment Law provides a lot of incentives to foreign investors in the form of tariff and taxes. The business will be granted a tax exemption for three consecutive years beginning the first year of operation. The country also provides the relief from income tax on profit reinvested within one year. Myanmar guarantees that the business permitted under FIL will be protected from being nationalized during the granted period. C. Relationship to the United States However, according to Bureau of Democracy Human Right and Labor, â€Å"the US and Burmese relation has been worsened after the 1988 military coup and violent suppression of pro-democracy demonstration. Subsequent repression, including the brutal crackdown on peaceful protestors in September 2007, further strained the relationship. † â€Å"In addition, since May 1997, the U. S. Government has prohibited new investment by U. S. persons or entities. A number of U. S. companies exited the Burma market even prior to the imposition of sanctions due to a worsening business climate and mounting criticism from human rights groups, consumers, and shareholders. The United States has also imposed countermeasures on Burma due to its inadequate measures to eliminate money laundering. † As a result of the above fact, it seems inappropriate for Marriott to enter Myanmar at this moment. Since Marriott is a U. S. based company, the company could run into a big conflict with the U. S. government, which could have a seriously negative impact on its hotel operations around the world.

Factors Affecting Wheat Growth And Yield Environmental Sciences Essay

Factors Affecting Wheat Growth And Yield Environmental Sciences Essay Continuous use of inorganic fertilizers affects the soil structure and cause environmental pollutions. Sustainable  agriculture  is one that produces abundant food without depleting the earths resources or polluting its environment. Organic farming provides several benefits to the growers. It reduces production cost and it is an environmentally friendly method of cultivation. Addition of organic fertilizers improves soil structure and enhances activities of useful soil organisms. Agricultural commodities resulted from organic cultivation are good for human health. Organic farming system includes semi organic farming system (low external input) as one alternative for sustainable agriculture. This study will be conducted to evaluate the growth and yield of wheat as affected by integrated nutrients (Organic FYM + Inorganic NPK) and drought stress. In the experiment wheat cultivar (sehar-2006) will be sown in field plots. Treatments included 50% FYM + 50% Inorganic (NPK); 75% FYM + 2 5% Inorganic (NPK); 100% FYM; 100% Inorganic (NPK) will be applied. The field plots maintained at 25mm, 50mm and 75mm water deficit; while recommended dose of both organic and inorganic nutrients applied will be maintained as control. The experiment will be conducted following randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement and three replications. During the course of investigation, observations on stand establishment, morphological traits, yield related traits will be recorded following standard procedures. Data will be analyzed by analysis of variance technique using the computer statistical program MSTAT-C. Agriculture remains the key sector for the economic development for most developing countries. It is critically important for ensuring food security, alleviating poverty and conserving the vital natural resources that the worlds present and future generations will be entirely dependent upon for their survival and well-being (Rothschild, 1998). Use of chemical fertilizers alone does not sustain productivity under continuous intensive cropping, whereas inclusion of organic materials improves physical soil properties (Benbi et al., 1998), builds up soil fertility and increases crop yield (Yaduvanshi, 2003). Continuous usage of inorganic fertilizer affects soil structure. Hence, organic manures can serve as alternative to mineral fertilizers as reported by Naeem et al. (2006) for improving soil structure (Dauda et al., 2008) and microbial biomass (Suresh et al., 2004). Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is one of the most important cereal crops; about 21% of the worlds food depends on the wheat crop, which grows on 200 million hectares of farmland worldwide (http://www.fao.org). The synthetic fertilizers are harmful for soil and aerial environment, because the inorganic fertilizers mainly contain major nutrients NPK in large quantities and are neglecting the use of organic manures and biofertilizers and hence have paved the way for deterioration of soil health and in turn ill-effects on plants, human being and livestock (Choudhry, 2005). Most of the soil applied fertilizers (nitrogenous), leach down below the root zone or into the ground water, which pollute the ground water causing diseases mainly Methemoglobinemia (Choudhry, 2005). As the world water supply is declining, drought is also threatening the world food security. Drought-induced yield losses perhaps exceed the loss from all other causes, as both severity and duration of stress are critical (Farooq et al., 2009a). Drought stress reduces crop growth rate and yield regardless of the growth stage at which it occurs in arable crops (Siddique et al., 2000; Atteya, 2003). The efficient and sustainable cycling of nutrients in an agro-ecosystem can improve crop performance, but achieving this goal is an important challenge for modern agriculture (Cassman, 1999). In order to develop the high intensive agriculture, more chemical fertilizers are applied to the soil that results in soil degeneration and environment deterioration. Application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer is an important approach to maintaining and improving the soil fertility, and increasing fertilizer use efficiency. Hence it is very useful to study the effect of application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer on the nutrient absorption, soil fertility change, and reduction of fertilizer loss, which have been the research focuses all over the world (Reganold, 1995; Conacher J and Conacher A, 1998; Liu et al., 1996). Application of organic manure combined with chemical fertilizer could maintain the soil nutrients balance amend soil physical and chemical properties, increase the soil organic matter and nutrient availability, decrease fertilizer loss rate, and then enhance soil fertility and ecosystem productivity (Conacher J and Conacher A, 1998; Zhou and Yang, 1992; He and Wang, 1989). Though role of farmyard manure integrated with inorganic fertilizers under drought stress condition in wheat need to be explored according to present need of sustainable farming system. It is hypothesized that integrated nutrients application of farmyard manure and inorganic nutrients may help improve resistance in wheat against drought and increase yield. V. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Cereals are an important dietary protein source throughout the world, because they constitute the main protein and energy supply in most countries (Bos et al., 2005). Wheat is one of the major cereal crops with a unique protein, which is consumed by humans and is grown around the world in diverse environments. Wheat is the worlds second most important cereal crop and an important component of the human diet, particularly in developing countries (Salekdeh Komatsu, 2007). The use of chemical fertilizers has been increased worldwide for cereal production (Abril et al., 2007) due to availability of inexpensive fertilizers (Graham and Vance, 2000). The continued use of chemical fertilizers causes health and environmental hazards such as ground and surface water pollution by nitrate leaching (Pimentel, 1996). So, reducing the amount of nitrogen fertilizers applied to the field without a nitrogen deficiency will be the main challenge in field management. The primary function of soil productivity and fertility restoration through fallow is less effective since intensive cropping is now more common. The use of inorganic fertilizers alone has not been helpful under intensive agriculture because it aggravates soil degradation (Sharma and Mittra, 1991. It is well known that soil fertility is usually re ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ected by the status of soil nutrients and water together in an integrated system (Zheng et al., 2002). The quantity of soil organic matter depends on the quantity of organic material which can be introduced into the soil either by natural returns through roots, stubbles, sloughed-off root nodules and root exudates or by artificial application in the form of organic manure which can otherwise be called organic fertilizer (Agboola and Omueti, 1982). In the current scenario of water scarcity, droughts during the main cropping season in tropical and subtropical regions are thought to become more likely in the near future, and will have dangerous effects on human societies (Funk et al., 2008, Lobell et al., 2008). The drop in precipitation of up to 10% in South Asia by 2030, accompanied by decreases in rice and wheat yields of about 5% (Lobell et al., 2008). In a recent meeting at Stanford University, a group of experts including crop scientists from seed companies concluded as part of their recommendations that particularly for managing moisture stress in rain-fed systems, agronomy may well offer even greater potential bene ¬Ã‚ ts than improved crop varieties (Lobell, 2009). De ¬Ã‚ cits of soil water often have substantially negative impacts on the growth and development of major crops such as spring wheat (Lecoeur and Sinclair, 1996; Asseng et al., 1998). However, crop yields are not necessarily decreased with a moderate l evel of water de ¬Ã‚ cit under irrigation conditions (Zhang et al., 1998). Addition of farmyard manure with half the recommended mineral N produced wheat yield similar to that produced by the full recommended dose of mineral N (Ahmad et al., 2002). Cultivation with and without organic and inorganic sources of nutrients applied differently for a long period may have an impact on the regeneration and rejuvenation of soil structure (Sharma and Bhushan, 2001). Increased utilization of organic soil amendments as a nutrient source for plant production would therefore deliver both agronomic and environmental bene ¬Ã‚ ts (Stockdale et al., 2002). Wheat grains have lower protein content (Gooding et al., 1993; Poutala et al., 1994; Woese et al., 1997) and a smaller loaf volume (Dlouhy, 1981) for bread made from organically grown wheat compared with conventionally grown wheat. The application of farmyard manure meets N requirement provides micronutrients and modifies soil physical behavior (Larson and Clapp, 1984) and thus favours wheat production. Moreover, use of farmyard manure not only acts as a source of N and other nutrients but also increases the efficiency of applied nitrogen (Sarvanan et al., 1987). Organic matter determines the fertility and nutrient status of a soil. Most of the tropical and sub-tropical regions including Pakistan are deficient in organic matter. The maintenance of soil organic matter around 2.5 to 3.0 % is desirable for satisfactory crop production. A good soil should have organic matter content of about 2.5% (BARC 1997). Use of judicious combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer is very important for tropical country (Khan et al., 1986) like Pakistan; this will ultimately economize fertilizer use and maintain soil productivity and grain quality. Positive effects of organic waste on soil structure, aggregate stability and water holding capacity were reported in several studies (Jedidi et al., 2004; Odlare et al., 2008; Shen and Shen 2001; Wells et al., 2000). Furthermore, organic manure has a high nutritional value, with high concentrations of especially nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, while the contamination by heavy metals and other toxic substances are very low (Asghar et al. 2006). Previous studies showed that the combination of organic manure with chemical fertilizer further enhanced the biomass and grain yield of crops (Sarwar et al., 2007; Sarwar et al., 2008; Cheuk et al., 2003). Furthermore, positive changes have been reported in the quality of wheat flour, because of increasing the amount of gluten after organic manure treatment (Gopinath et al., 2008). The above review concludes that organic nutrients (farmyard manure) integrated with inorganic fertilizers may be employed to increase the yield of wheat and make them ready for future water stress conditions. VI. MATERIALS AND METHODS General details The proposed study will be conducted in Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. While the analytical work will be done in Agro Climatology lab, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. The experiment will be laid out in RCBD split plot design with three replications. Well rotten Farm Yard Manure (FYM) will be collected from livestock and dairy Farm, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad while inorganic fertilizer sources Urea , DAP and SOP for Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium respectively will be collected from Agronomy Farm, University of Agriculture. Experiment: Growth and Yield of wheat as affected by different levels of integrated nutrients and irrigation. Seed of wheat cultivar Sehar-2006 will be sown in plots (1.5m x 6m) in open field conditions. At sowing time integrated nutrients 50% FYM + 50% Inorganic (NPK); 75% FYM + 25% Inorganic (NPK); 100% FYM; 100% Inorganic (NPK) will be applied. The plots maintained at 25mm, 50mm and 75mm water deficit, while recommended dose of both organic and inorganic nutrients applied will be maintained as control. The experiment will be finally harvested at maturity. Observations Data on following observations will be recorded during the course of experimentation. A. Stand establishment 1. Time to start germination (days) 2. Germination index 3. Mean germination time (days) 4. Time for 50% germination (days) 5. Final germination percentage (%) B. Morphological traits 1. Plant height (cm) 2. Plant fresh weight (g) 3. Plant dry weight (g) 4. Leaf area (cm2) 5. Number of tillers 6. Total dry matter 7. Crop growth rate (g m-2 d-1) 8. Leaf growth rate (g m-2 d-1) C. Yield related traits 1. Number of fertile tillers 2. Spike length (cm) 3. Number of spikelets per spike 4. Number of grains per spike 5. 100-grains weight (g) 6. Biological yield (g/pot) 7. Grain yield (g/pot) 8. Harvest index (%) Statistical analysis Data collected on all parameters will be analyzed statistically by using Fishers Analysis of Variance Technique and least significantly difference (LSD) test at 5% probability level will be applied to compare the treatments means (Steel et al., 1997) using the computer statistical program MSTATC. VII. REFERENCES Rothschild, M., 1998. The Butterfly Gardeners by Miriam Rothschild and elive farell, Great Britain, pp128-130. Benbi, D.K., Biswas, C.R., Bawa, S.S., Kumar, K., 1998. In ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uence of farmyard manure, inorganic fertilizers and weed control practices on some soil physical properties in a long-term experiment. Soil Use Mgmt. 14, 52-54. Yaduvanshi, N.P.S., 2003. Substitution of inorganic fertilizers by organicmanures and the e ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ect on soil fertility in rice-wheat rotation on reclaimed sodic soil in India. J. Agric. Sci. 140, 161-168. Naeem, M., Iqbal, J. and Bakhsh, M.A.A. (2006). 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Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge), 117: 313-318. Zheng, Z., Liu, Z., Wei, Y., Song, D., 2002. Effects of irrigation and fertilizer manage-ment on soil organic matter contents in semi-arid hilly area. J. Soil Water Conserv. 16, 102-104. Agboola, A.A. and J.A. Omueti, 1982. Soil fertility problem and its management in tropical Africa. Paper presented at the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. pp: 25. Funk C, Dettinger MD, Michaelsen JC, Verdin JP, Brown ME, Barlow M Hoell A, 2008. Warming of the Indian Ocean threatens eastern and southern African food security but could be mitigated by agricultural development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105: 11081-11086. Lobell DB, Burke MB, Tebaldi C, Mastrandrea MD, Falcon WP Naylor RL, 2008. Prioritizing climate change adaptation needs for food security in 2030. Science 319: 607-610. Lobell DB, 2009. Climate Extremes and Crop Adaptation. Summary statement from a meeting at the program on Food Security and Environment, Stanford, CA, held on June16-18, 2009. Lecoeur, A., Sinclair, G., 1996. Field pea transpiration and leaf growth in response to soil water de ¬Ã‚ cits. Crop Sci. 36, 331-335. Asseng, S., Ritchie, J.T., Smucker, A.J.M., Robertson, M.J., 1998. Root growth and water uptake during water de ¬Ã‚ cit and recovering in wheat. Plant Soil 201, 265-273. Zhang, J., Sui, X., Li, B., Su, B., Li, J., Zhou, D., 1998. An improved water-use ef ¬Ã‚ ciency for winter wheat grown under reduced irrigation. Field Crops Res. 59, 91-98. Ahmad, I., Abbasi, M.K., Rasool, G., 2002. Integrated plant nutrition system (IPNS) in wheat under rainfed conditions of Rawalakot Azad Jammu and Kashmir. Pak. J. Soil Sci. 21, 79-86. Sharma, P.K., Bhushan, L., 2001. Physical characterization of a soil amended with organic residues in a rice-wheat cropping system using a single value soil physical index. Soil Tillage Res. 60, 143-152. 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